Courts shouldn’t interfere in Police probe, except in exceptional cases: Supreme Court[Read Judgement]

Holding that the two organs of the state — police and judiciary — operate in their specific spheres of activities and one should not tread over the other’s domain, the Supreme Court on Tuesday deprecated the practice of courts interfering in police investigations by passing orders routinely to stay probe or grant protection to the accused.

A bench comprising of of Justice D Y Chandrachud, Justice M R Shah and Justice Sanjiv Khanna said the investigation initiated by police ought not to be scuttled at the initial stage and courts can interfere by staying or quashing the probe only in exceptionalcases when no prima facie case is made out against an accused and the case appears to have been lodged only to harass.

It said extraordinary and inherent powers of the court do not confer an arbitrary jurisdiction to act according to its whims or caprice and the courts should be cautious while interfering in criminal investigations. The bench said courts should not go into the merits of the allegations in the FIR when the investigation is in progress and police must be permitted to complete the probe.

“It would be premature to pronounce the conclusion based on hazy facts that the complaint/FIR does not deserve to be investigated or that it amounts to abuse of process of law,” the bench said and added that the FIR is not an encyclopaedia which must disclose all facts and details relating to the offence.

“Quashing of a complaint/FIR should be an exception rather than an ordinary rule. Ordinarily, the courts are barred from usurping the jurisdiction of police, since the two organs of the state operate in two specific spheres of activities and one ought not to tread over the other’s sphere. The functions of the judiciary and police are complementary, not overlapping. Save in exceptional cases where non-interference would result in miscarriage of justice, the courts and the judicial process should not interfere at the stage of investigation of offences,” it said.

“Therefore, passing such type of blanket interim orders without assigning reasons, of not to arrest and/or no coercive steps would hamper the investigation and may affect the statutory right/duty of police to investigate the cognisable offence conferred under the provisions of the CrPC.

Therefore, such a blanket order is not justified at all. The order of the high courts must disclose reasons why it has passed an ad-interim direction during the pendency of the proceedings under Section 482 CrPC. Such reasons, however brief must disclose an application of mind,” the court said.

The Court issued the following guidelines

1. Police has the statutory right and duty under the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure contained in Chapter XIV of the Code to investigate into a cognizable offence;
2. Courts would not thwart any investigation into the cognizable offences;
3. It is only in cases where no cognizable offence or offence of any kind is disclosed in the first information report that the Court will not permit an investigation to go on;
4. The power of quashing should be exercised sparingly with circumspection, as it has been observed, in the ‘rarest of rare cases (not to be confused with the formation in the context of death penalty).
5. While examining an FIR/complaint, quashing of which is sought, the court cannot embark upon an enquiry as to the reliability or genuineness or otherwise of the allegations made in the FIR/complaint;
6. Criminal proceedings ought not to be scuttled at the initial stage;
7. Quashing of a complaint/FIR should be an exception rather than an ordinary rule;
8. Ordinarily, the courts are barred from usurping the jurisdiction of the police, since the two organs of the State operate 59 in two specific spheres of activities and one ought not to tread over the other sphere;
9. The functions of the judiciary and the police are complementary, not overlapping;
10. Save in exceptional cases where non-interference would result in miscarriage of justice, the Court and the judicial process should not interfere at the stage of investigation of offences;
11. Extraordinary and inherent powers of the Court do not confer an arbitrary jurisdiction on the Court to act according to its whims or caprice;
12. The first information report is not an encyclopaedia which must disclose all facts and details relating to the offence reported. Therefore, when the investigation by the police is in progress, the court should not go into the merits of the allegations in the FIR. Police must be permitted to complete the investigation. It would be premature to pronounce the conclusion based on hazy facts that the complaint/FIR does not deserve to be investigated or that it amounts to abuse of process of law. After investigation, if the investigating officer finds that there is no substance in the application made by the complainant, the investigating officer may file an appropriate report/summary before the learned Magistrate 60 which may be considered by the learned Magistrate in accordance with the known procedure;
13. The power under Section 482 Cr.P.C. is very wide, but conferment of wide power requires the court to be more cautious. It casts an onerous and more diligent duty on the court;
14. However, at the same time, the court, if it thinks fit, regard being had to the parameters of quashing and the self-restraint imposed by law, more particularly the parameters laid down by this Court in the cases of R.P. Kapur (supra) and Bhajan Lal (supra), has the jurisdiction to quash the FIR/complaint;
15. When a prayer for quashing the FIR is made by the alleged accused and the court when it exercises the power under Section 482 Cr.P.C., only has to consider whether the allegations in the FIR disclose commission of a cognizable offence or not. The court is not required to consider on merits whether or not the merits of the allegations make out a cognizable offence and the court has to permit the investigating agency/police to investigate the allegations in the FIR;
16. The aforesaid parameters would be applicable and/or the aforesaid aspects are required to be considered by the High Court while passing an interim order in a quashing petition in exercise of powers under Section 482 Cr.P.C. and/or under Article 226 of the 61 Constitution of India. However, an interim order of stay of investigation during the pendency of the quashing petition can be passed with circumspection. Such an interim order should not require to be passed routinely, casually and/or mechanically. Normally, when the investigation is in progress and the facts are hazy and the entire evidence/material is not before the High Court, the High Court should restrain itself from passing the interim order of not to arrest or “no coercive steps to be adopted” and the accused should be relegated to apply for anticipatory bail under Section 438 Cr.P.C. before the competent court. The High Court shall not and as such is not justified in passing the order of not to arrest and/or “no coercive steps” either during the investigation or till the investigation is completed and/or till the final report/chargesheet is filed under Section 173 Cr.P.C., while dismissing/disposing of the quashing petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. and/or under Article 226 of the Constitution of India.
17. Even in a case where the High Court is prima facie of the opinion that an exceptional case is made out for grant of interim stay of further investigation, after considering the broad parameters while exercising the powers under Section 482 Cr.P.C. and/or under Article 226 of the Constitution of India referred to hereinabove, the High Court has to give brief reasons why such an 62 interim order is warranted and/or is required to be passed so that it can demonstrate the application of mind by the Court and the higher forum can consider what was weighed with the High Court while passing such an interim order.
18. Whenever an interim order is passed by the High Court of “no coercive steps to be adopted” within the aforesaid parameters, the High Court must clarify what does it mean by “no coercive steps to be adopted” as the term “no coercive steps to be adopted” can be said to be too vague and/or broad which can be misunderstood and/or misapplied.

Read Judgement here: